The doctoral program in social studies education is individualized, flexible, and developed jointly by the student and his or her adviser in accordance with the student's particular background and educational objectives. Ordinarily, such a program combines substantial work in a subject field with studies in professional education. In pursuing these doctoral studies, students usually work with arts and sciences departments and other sections of the university. Specific courses, areas of study, and research activities are detailed in consultation with the appropriate adviser and are listed at the time the student's program proposal is submitted.